多发性硬化症 Glossary
异常反应: Muscle responses to a stimulus, which can be increased when there is a malfunctioning of the central nervous system.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisone.
攻击: Sudden onset of new symptoms or worsening of old ones due to multiple sclerosis. Generally, these symptoms must last for more than 24 hours before it is considered an attack. This also may be called an exacerbation or relapse.
共济失调: Inability to properly coordinate movement. This usually refers to walking and movement of the arms.
自身免疫性疾病: 十大赌博靠谱网络平台 in which the immune system goes awry and develops a response against its own cells or tissues.
Autonomic Nervous System: Portion of the peripheral nervous system, not under voluntary control, that governs "automatic" functions like sweating, 心率, sexual functions and bowel movement.
Central Nervous System (CNS): This system consists of the brain and spinal cord, where many bodily functions are controlled, many sensations are processed and signals are sent to different parts of the body. Functions affected by the CNS include muscle control, eyesight, breathing and memory. The CNS is distinguished from the peripheral nervous system, which involves the actual nerves to and from the muscles and other body parts.
小脑: Part of the brain, located at the base, that controls balance.
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF): A water-like fluid that surrounds and bathes the brain and the spinal cord.
脑脊液蛋白: This protein normally is dissolved in the spinal fluid and can be measured. It may be increased when there is inflammation.
可的松: Hormone of the adrenal glands known to have anti-inflammatory and immune system suppressing properties. Also called glucocorticoid 或类固醇.
细胞因子: Messenger chemicals released by T-cells that signal and mobilize other components of the immune system or other organs.
卧位: Refer to a body position that causes undue pressure on certain parts of the body, which can lead to the eventual breakdown of skin and underlying tissue. 卧位 sores also are called bed sores or pressure sores.
Demyelinating Disease: A disease causing loss (or damage) of myelin. Multiple sclerosis is one example of a demyelinating disease in the central nervous system, although other conditions also can lead to dymyelination.
髓鞘脱失: Abnormal process that leads to the loss or breakdown of myelin.
痴呆: A deteriorated mental state due to a disease process. It can result from many disorders of the nervous system.
Dexamethasone (Decadron): A high potency glucocorticoid, 或类固醇, which is used to decrease swelling and inflamation in the nervous system.
复视:双重视力.
构音障碍: Slurring of speech.
吞咽困难: Difficulty swallowing that is often due to weakness or spasm of the esophagus.
诱发电位: Diagnostic tests done using stimulation of the special senses, 比如看到, 听觉和感觉, to assess the function in these CNS neural pathways.
恶化参见攻击.
水肿: A condition in which the body tissues contain an excessive amount of fluid. For example, when there is swelling of the tissue.
丙种球蛋白: Specific proteins found in normal human serum and human CSF which are increased in the CSF in 70 percent to 80 percent of persons with multiple sclerosis.
免疫缺陷: General term describing different malfunctions in the immune system where it either does not respond to a foreign substance by destroying or neutralizing it, or where the immune system erroneously destroys normal body structures, such as with an auto-immune disease. Examples of the latter condition are lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
免疫系统: Consists of a number of different structures in the human body (lymph nodes, 骨髓, 胸腺, 等.) which produce certain types of white blood cells and antibodies that have the ability to destroy or neutralize various germs, poisons and other foreign substances.
尿失禁: Inability to control the urinary bladder or bowels.
囊内的: Within the spinal canal.
可依的迹象: Sensation of tingling running down the middle of the back upon bending the neck forward. This can occur in different conditions involving the neck portion of the spinal cord and is sometimes felt in arms and legs as well.
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): Insertion of a needle into the spinal canal in order to obtain a sample of CSF and/or to inject special materials intrathecally.
Lymphocytopheresis: Removal of white blood cells from the blood.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A technique that uses magnetic fields to produce images of deep internal body structures.
髓鞘: Fatty substance that acts as an insulator around most of the nerve fibers in the human body. 髓鞘 is found in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system.
多发性硬化症 (MS): CNS disorder characterized by worsening, 或加重, 和改进, 称为缓解, 的症状. This leaves multiple scars, called plaques, in the CNS. Common symptoms include loss of strength, difficulty with balance and bladder control, numbness and tingling, and blurred or double vision.
神经性膀胱功能障碍: A condition in which the control of urinary bladder control is disturbed. Symptoms include frequent or urgent urination, loss of the urge sensation, inability to empty the bladder even though the urge may be present or loss of bladder control, which then empties itself irregularly and spontaneously.
眼球震颤: Abnormal eye movements consisting of repetitive jerks.
Oligoclonal Bands (Immunoglobulin G): Specific gamma globulin proteins that are increased in 80 percent of persons with MS.
视神经炎: Inflammation of the nerve which connects the eye with the brain. This can cause blurring or loss of vision and occasionally pain.
麻痹性痴呆: Weakness, usually in the arms and legs.
感觉异常: Abnormal sensations including, but not limited to, tingling, constriction and discomfort.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of all of the nerves in the body, 中枢神经系统外, that carry signals from the CNS to the muscles and organs as well as signals from the body into the CNS.
斑块: Patchy area of inflammation, demyelination and sclerosis in the CNS that is characteristic of MS damage.
血浆置换: Removal of plasma, or the fluid portion of the blood that does not include cells, from the blood. This fluid contains the antibodies and its removal is an experimental treatment for MS.
位置感: Ability to feel slight movements of fingers or toes and to know where body parts are in space.
缓解: Improvement or complete disappearance of one or more of the neurological symptoms that result from MS.
罗姆伯格氏征: Inability to maintain balance in the standing position with feet and legs drawn together and eyes closed.
扫描的演讲: A type of slurred speech resulting from involvement of the cerebellum. This also is called explosive or ataxic speech.
痉挛状态: Increased resistance to muscle str等hing and loss of normal elasticity of leg and/or arm muscles resulting from CNS disease process. Often manifested by muscle stiffness, which can result in difficulty moving the arms and legs.
地震: Various rhythmic involuntary movements involving the arms, 腿还是头, occurring in numerous illnesses and conditions and greatly varying in type and severity.
尿动态测试: Specialized diagnostic tests of the bladder that measure functional integrity of the urinary system.
眩晕: Dizziness or a spinning sensation.
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP): See 诱发电位.
视野: Portion of space extending in all directions that can be seen by one eye without changing its position.
白细胞: Cells found in normal human blood or spinal fluid known to have protective properties and which are part of the immune system.
加州大学旧金山分校健康 medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.